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Organized crime in Singapore has a long history with secret societies such as Ghee HinKongsi carrying out their activities in the 19th century. These organized groups hold great relevance to Singaporean modern history. Since 1890, organized groups began fading from Singapore, decline in street organized crime in the past years due to legislation has been put place to ensure authorities suppress the activities of criminal gangs. Contemporary Singapore witnessed a significant rise in other forms of crime —organized cyber-crime.

Historical background[edit]

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The first secret society group[edit]

Organized criminal gangs existed in Singapore long before the arrival of the British. Formed in 1820, Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui) based in Fujian, an offshoot of the Ghee HinKongsi was the first secret group formed in Singapore.^[1]

British colony of Singapore[edit]

Organized crime was on a steady rise in the following years as a result of immigration triggered by the arrival of the British since 1946.^[2] The mass immigration played a crucial role in the economic development during the colonial era by availing large population for labors. However, the rapid growth in the ethnic Chinese population came with cost as secret societies were formed. Immigrants formed their own “community” based on the notion of brotherhood generally known as Hui, which loosely translates into a vast family or company. When joining Hui, one had to cut their fingers with a knife, and the blood that dripped down would be added into rice wine, then it would be drunk as a sign of brotherhood.^[1]

Early 19th century[edit]

The formation of this secret society (Hui) played an important role to the immigrants from China during the early 19th century. This group was particularly helpful to these Chinese immigrants during their encounters with colonial government officials who were ignorant of the Chinese language and culture. They would take advantage of these situations to lure the Chinese into joining 'Hui'. They offered a source of livelihood to the immigrants, offered protection and most imperatively presided over activities that united them and gave them a sense of belonging and spiritual fulfillment.^[1] The Hui were involved in a sourcing of unskilled native labourers as well as other profit making ventures such as pepper and gambier farming.^[3]

At the beginning of the 19th century Hui adopted a clarion call of mutual assistance, bonding and brotherhood^[3] and the colonial government's attitude towards the secret society is ambiguous due to political independence and the inability of the colony's administration. However, by mid 19th century their activities had deteriorated sharply creating impressions of disorder and violence.

Mid-19th century[edit]

Organized crime groups were posing huge problems to the routine and security of people, which forced the British authorities to curb the growing problem. These secret societies intensified their criminal activities from 1850s steadily evolving into organized crimes. They started with simple acts of crime extortion, trafficking and opium dealings before expanding to bigger criminal ventures like running illegal gambling dens and brothels. Organized crime groups started to scuffle with other gangs in order to take over their “turf” and threatened other citizens to pay protection money in return for their so-called ‘protection’. The most ferocious organized crime group was GheeHinKongsi; estimated to have 800 members, this group was largely made of the Cantonese.^[1] Other secret societies involved in crime include the Hai San, a gang that rivalled the Ghee Hin group in competition for land houses and business opportunities. Major legislative development in the colonial government led to the suppression of secret societies as law enforcement authorities thwarted the activities of organized crime.

Modern trends[edit]

In Singapore just like any other country in the world, organized crime is considered a criminal act and includes running unlicensed money lending facilities and operating illegal gambling dens among other crimes. Given the severe penalty attached to them, Singapore records an average low crime rate compared to the rest of the world. However, some smaller groups have come together to form some secret groups that takes after the past secret groups like 'Hui'. These groups membership is primarily adolescent teenagers.^[4] Singapore has registered an increase in gang related activities in the recent past with drug trafficking being the major organized crime in the recent times owing to its immense profits. Since 1970s these groups have emerged at different times running various illegal activities and engaging in violent activities in the pursuit of their interests which includes unlicensed money lending and drug trafficking. Salakau gang is also another recent example of organized crime. This group drew its members from the Indians and Malays and made huge amounts of money through engaging in extortion and prostitution. Gang rivalry and conflicts between different gangs is a common phenomenon. Even in the present days, there is still a growing number of rebellious youths who subscribe to the ideologies of gang stars thinking being in a gang makes people look cool.^[5] A typical example can be traced back to 1990 where some teenagers in “pseudo street gangs” were obsessed with Salaku believing that such an affiliation was cool. These teenagers would be heard chanting the Salakau slogans in their squabbles without being its group members.

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) is still considered a primary target for organized cyber criminals in Singapore. This infrastructure includes the Banking and Finance industry which is likely to suffer major losses which may affect the country's economy ^[6] .An insurance company suffered major losses in 2017 when a group of hackers attacked the company's website leaking personal information for more than 5000 customers.

Organized cyber-crime[edit]

Organized cyber-crime in Singapore has been a threat to both private and public sector including government's security agencies. The cyber-attack on the Ministry of Defense in February 2017 was an example of case where a government agency became a target for cyber criminals.^[7] Personal details of military personnel were leaked during the attack carried out by hackers. The attack was thwarted before the hackers could access classified military information. Private businesses have also registered losses as a result of cyber-attacks such as the Wannacry Ransomware in 2017 which compelled victims to send a ransom of particular amount to the criminals ^[8]

Secret societies have been using online markets to sell illicit items such as drugs and weapons. This sale is always conducted on the dark web, a collection of encrypted websites that cannot be tracked easily by authorities. According to Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association, youths have turned to online markets for drugs such as marijuana. The transactions are carried online through escrow which allows for the payment of contraband.^[9] Organized criminal societies have been involved in illicit money lending services on online platforms. These loans are always offered on high rates taking advantage of the victims’ desperation. Since obtaining banks loans is time-consuming and demanding, criminals have resorted to offering loans on the dark web^[10]

Decline of organized crime[edit]

Since 1890, Singapore has witnessed declining rates of organised crime through the years. This has been made possible by the enactment of strict laws and legislation such as the ‘Societies Ordinance Act’ that spelled severe penalties for the offenders. However, there is no denying that organised gangs still exist and it may not be possible to fully wipe them out.^[11] The significant decline in gang related activities is attributable to the reforms that have taken place within the law enforcement agencies. The police force has a branch called the Secret Society Branch (SSB) which is mandated primarily to suppress these gangs and destroy them. Among the strategies they employ in dealing with these gangs include surprise raids on their dens deterring any potential offenders.^[11] The Singaporean Criminal law dictates that any person found guilty of a criminal offence involving unlawful society is liable to five years of imprisonment and five strokes of cane. In the event that the crime involves a person with authority or a leader within the group then the penalty could be doubled or even tripled. Additionally, certain offences such as drug trafficking are considered capital offences and could lead to death penalty under the penal code. Young offenders below the age of 21 years who join criminal gangs would be liable to life imprisonment while gang robberies would also attract five years behind bars under the code. Accordingly, strict legislation has been the biggest deterrence of criminal gangs effectively and efficiently reducing crime in the country.

Organized Crime Act 2015[edit]

The parliament of Singapore is credited for enacting legislation addressing organized crime in the country. The Organised Crime Act 2015 is one of the recent statutes that was designed to help reduce criminal activities by organized gangs. It took full effect in June 2016 having been passed by the parliament in 2015. The law grants power to law enforcement authorities to detect and prevent criminal activities with minimal interference. Under this law, the public prosecutor is allowed to confiscate assets obtained from criminal activities before sentencing following an application from the High court.^[11] This move helps in the investigation of suspected criminals, as they are denied the financial freedom that would jeopardize investigations. Suspected criminals planning to flee overseas using material gains from criminal activities may be apprehended by law enforcement authorities. However, it was worth noting that the public prosecutor has the responsibility to prove that a suspect was involved in criminal activities before being granted permission for civil confiscation.

Three preventive orders[edit]

The Organised Crime Act 2015 also provides for statutory laws that contain preventive orders. These are orders used by the public prosecutor to prevent the likelihood of a suspect engaging in future criminal activities. There are three orders that fall within the preventive orders provided in the act namely disqualification order, financial reporting order and the Organized crime prevention order.^[12] The disqualification order restricts suspects from getting involved in the management of companies. If suspects are found guilty, they are automatically disqualified by the court from acting as directors for companies. This order is drawn from the fact that one may use the corporate form as a shield while engaging in criminal activities in the background. The privileges emanating from the limited liability feature of a company may pose a challenge in the investigation of a suspect.^[13] Financial reporting order is issued on suspects demanding them to submit their financial reports to relevant authorities. Such orders are issued on individuals serving their sentence and may be extended even after the jail term. The public prosecutor is also legally permitted to demand these reports from suspects who have not been found guilty by the courts. This law prevents the sentenced members of secret societies from funding criminal activities while serving their sentence. Organized crime prevention order grants permission to law enforcement authorities to monitor the activities of suspects including those not found guilty. It has helped reduce organized crime by monitoring the activities of former criminals as well as persons of interest.^[14]

Opposition from human rights advocate[edit]

Even though arguments have been made against these laws, Singapore has recorded a sharp decline in the rate of organized crime since 2016. Human rights advocates argue that these laws infringe on the rights of citizens by suppressing their freedom of expression and assembly. The preventive detention permitted by the Criminal Law Act has always been a subject of debate. Critics argue that the warrantless arrest of suspects is subject to abuse by the law enforcement authorities.^[15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdLim, I (1999). Secret societies in Singapore: featuring the William Stirling collection. National Heritage Board: Singapore History Museum.
2. ^'Singapore profile'. 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
3. ^ ^abFreedman, M (1960). 'Immigrants and Associations: Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore'. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 3: 25–48. doi:10.1017/S0010417500000980.
4. ^hermesauto (2018-08-23). 'Overall crime up by 3.2% in first half of 2018; spike in impersonation cases and loan, e-commerce scams'. The Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
5. ^Yaming, Ang; Long, Mavis; Chu, Chi Meng; Daffern, Michael; Thomas, Stuart; O'Brien, Kate (2015-01-05). 'Determinants of gang affiliation in Singaporean youth offenders: social and familial factors'. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research. 7 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1108/JACPR-11-2013-0031. ISSN1759-6599.
6. ^Teoh, C. S.; Mahmood, A. K. (2017). 'National cyber security strategies for digital economy'. 2017 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS): 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICRIIS.2017.8002519. ISBN978-1-5090-3035-4.
7. ^'Crimewatch: Cybercrime Cases'. Cyber Security Agency. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
8. ^'Cyber threats in Singapore grew in 2017 mirroring global trends'. Cyber Security Agency. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
9. ^Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond; Smith, Russell G. (2008-06-01). 'Criminal Exploitation of Online Systems by Organised Crime Groups'. Asian Journal of Criminology. 3 (1): 37–59. doi:10.1007/s11417-007-9035-y. ISSN1871-014X.
10. ^Schloenhardt, A (2019). 'Fighting Organized Crime in the Asia Pacific Region: New Weapons, Lost War'(PDF). ASIA Working Paper Series (22).
11. ^ ^abc'Is Joining a Gang Illegal in Singapore?: Being Recruited and Penalties'. SingaporeLegalAdvice.com. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
12. ^'Organised Crime Act 2015 - Singapore Statutes Online'. sso.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
13. ^Obokata, T (2017). 'The Value of International Law in Combating Transnational Organized Crime in the Asia-Pacific'. Asian Journal of International Law. 7 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1017/S2044251315000193.
14. ^Biswas, R. 'Combating Terrorism and Organized Crime: Cryptocurrencies and Cybercrime'. Emerging Markets Megatrends: 217–227.
15. ^''Kill the Chicken to Scare the Monkeys' Suppression of Free Expression and Assembly in Singapore'. Human Rights Watch. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2019-05-30.

Whenever gambling is mentioned, the glitzy images of Les Vegas come to mind. America has been considered as a gaming nation for a very long time. However, America is not the world’s biggest gambler as many would think. In fact, the biggest gamblers in the world include countries that are least suspect. The ranking of the 200 gambling countries is based on data provided by H2 Gambling Capital. The ranking takes into account the losses in a year divided by the adult population. The losses include the entire amount lost on all types of gaming including poker, slot machine, horse racing, and casinos.

The Biggest Gambling Countries In The World

Australia

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Gambling is so prevalent in Australia that the central bank was led to increase interest rates. Australia allows online wagering on sports. Slot machines are favorite games in the country. New South Wales accounts for half of the country’s total poker machines. Adult gamblers reported a loss of $1,128 per adult with 935 gamblers registered to be banned from casinos between 2006 and 2010. However, these gamblers were caught over 1,200 times for breaching their ban

Singapore

Singapore only opened its first casino in 2010 but has since become one of the largest gambling countries in the world. The opening of casinos in Singapore created worries in the country, with the majority fearing addictions and losses. The government is discouraging gambling by the locals by imposing an entry fee of $81 for locals who wish to enter the casino. Families are also allowed to ban their members from visiting the casinos under the “Family Exclusion Orders.” However, these measures have done little to dampen the gambling spirit in the country. The country recorded $1,174 losses per adult in 2010.

Ireland

The casino industry in Ireland is entirely unregulated because the country depends on the old Gaming and Lottery Act of 1956. According to the law of Ireland, only registered members’ club is allowed to offer casino services. Bets on gaming machines are not allowed beyond 6 pence while the rewards for gaming are allowed up to 10 shillings. However, this law cannot be enforced since the Irish pound has not been in use as a legal tender since 1999. The huge losses by gambling adults which average $588 per adult have forced the government to start enacting laws that will help regulate the gaming industry in Ireland.

Canada

Over 75% of Canadian adults have been involved in at least one form of gambling. The highest number of gamblers in the country comes from Saskatchewan. The province has gambling revenue of $841 per person above the age of 18 years. The popular gambling games in Canada include lottery and scratch and win. The popularity of lottery games in Canada has led to the government setting up initiatives to discourage giving of lottery tickets to minors as gifts. Canada recorded $568 gaming losses per adult

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Finland

Over 41% of the adult population in Finland gambles weekly, according to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The minimum age for gambling in the country was raised to 18 years in 2011 from 15 in the previous years in a bid to discourage gambling among children. The national lottery company in Finland is a property of the government and is managed by the Ministry of Education with the revenue from the company channeled to education, culture, and arts. The Paf Group of Finland, running the internet gambling company, offers paybacks to its loyal customers who spend at least $171.40 on its site but are certified to be suffering from gambling addiction. Finnish gamblers lose an average of $553 per adult.

Countries That Gamble The Most

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